STYLE IN WRITTEN ENGLISH

STYLE IN WRITTEN ENGLISH

1.    1.   SEQUENCE OF TENSES

Dalam penulisan bahasa inggris, sequence of tenses adalah logika yang mengatur tentang tenses, misalnya sebuah kejadian di future tense tidak bisa terjadi di past tense. Dalam writing, sequence of tenses menentukan dimana sebuah kejadian terjadi. Kejadian past tense datang sebelum kejadian present tense, kejadian present tense datang sebelum kejadian future tense dll. Hal ini bisa kita lihat pada if clause.

Contohnya :

1.      Jika seorang berkata “I need to go to the store” maka anda harus mengatakannya “she said that she needed to go to the store” anda mengubah “need” menjadi “needed” padahal kejadiannya masih sama-sama dalam present tense.

2.      “if you could meet me at the airport, I would be grateful” ini merupakan kejadian present tense tapi kita mengubah “can” menjadi “could” karena ini adalah conditional sentence.

3.      “I wish I had been at the party last night” kalimat ini merupakan kejadian past tense yang tidak terjadi tapi kita menggunakan past perfect untuk mengatakannya.

2.      2. PARALEL STRUCTURE

Dalam penulisan bahasa inggris, PARALEL STRUCTURE adalah menggunakan pola kalimat yang sama untuk menunjukkan kata-kata yang memiliki level kepentingan yang sama. Hal ini bisa terjadi dalam kata, frasa, ataupun klausa. Biasanya untuk membuat paralel structure kita menggunakan kata penghubung, seperti ‘and” dan “or”

Contohnya :

1.      Contoh paralel structure dalam kata menggunakan gerund “mary like hiking, swimming, and bicyling” atau menggunakan infinitive “mary likes to hike, swim, and ride a bicycle” jika menggunakan paralel structure kita tidak boleh mencampurnya seperti dalam kalimat “mary likes hiking, swimming, and to ride a bicycle”

2.      Contoh paralel structure dalam frasa “the teacher said that he was a poor student because he waited until the last minute to study for the exam, completed his lab problems in a careless manner. And lacked motivation” semua frasa dalam kalimat diatas menggunakan frasa kerja “waited”, “complited”, dan “lacked”, penggunaan paralel structure dalam frasa pun tidak boleh dicampur seperti dalam kalimat “the teacher said thet he was a poor student because he waited until the last minute to study for the exam, completed his lab problems in a careless manner and his motivation was low”.

3.      Paralel structure yang dimulai dengan menggunakan klausa juga harus diikuti dengan klausa yang sama, jika pola klausa berubah maka akan melanggar paralel structure seperti dalam kalimat “the coach told the players that they should get a lot of sleep, that they should not eat to much, and to do some warm up exercises before the game” klausa “ to do some warm up exercises before the game” memiliki pola yang berbeda dengan dua klausa sebelumnya maka kalimat diatas tidaklah paralel structure, seharusnya kalimat sebenarnya “the coach told the players that they should get a lot of sleep, they should not eat too much, and that they should do some warm up exercises before the game”.

3.ANTECEDENT

Dalam penulisan bahasa inggris, antecedent adalah kata yang digantikan oleh pronoun. Kata antecedent berarti “sebelumnya”. Hal ini dikarenakan pronoun sering menggantikan kata sebelumnya atau kata yang sudah disebutkan terlebih dahulu sebelumnya.

Contohnya :

1.     A.  “when you see the profesor, please tell him I”ll be 10 minutes late” dalam kalimat ini kata “profesor” merupakan antecedent dan kata “him” merupakan pronoun dari kata “profesor” yang terlebih dahulu disebutkan.

2.     B.  “gail called to say she will arrive at 7 o’clock “ dalam kalimat ini “gail merupakan antecedent dan kata “she” merupakan pronoun.

3.     C.  “The man who lives next door lost his driving license” dalam contoh ini kata “man” merupakan antecedent dari relative pronoun “his”.

Walaupun arti kata antecedent adalah “sebelumnya” antecedent tidak selalu disebutkan di awal, namun bisa juga disebutkan setelah pronoun seperti dalam kalimat “when you see him, please tell the profesor I”ll be late 10 minutes” kata profesor masih merupakan antecedent dari pronoun “him” namun kata “profesor” disebutkan di akhir setelah pronoun.

4.     4.  REDUDANCY

Dalam penulisan bahasa inggris, redudancy adalah kata yang mubazir untuk ditulis atau diucapkan untuk kedua kalinya karena memiliki kesamaan arti dengan kata sebelumnya.

Contohnya :

1.      “if all of us cooperate together, we will succeed” dalam kalimat tersebut kata “cooperate” dan “together” digunakan, padahal mereka memiliki arti yang sama. Salah satu dari kata tersebut seharusnya dihilangkan agar kalimatnya menjadi benar seperti “if all of us cooperate, we will succed” atau “if all of us work together, we will succeed”

2.      “The accused was guilty of false misstatement” kata “false” dan “misstatement” memiliki arti yang sama, maka kita harus menghilangkan salah satunya seperti “the accused was guilty of misstatement”

3.      “ it was the general consensus of opinion that we must go to the movie” dua kata yang memiliki arti yang sama dalam kalimat tersebut adalah kata “consensus” dan “opinion”, maka kita harus menghilangkan salah satunya agar menjadi kalimat yang benar “it was the general opinion that we must go to the movie”

5.DANGLING CONSTRUCTION

Dalam penulisan bahasa inggris, dangling construction adalah sebuah modifier yang gagal dalam kalimat. Tugas modifier adalah mendeskripsikan secara khusus sebuah kata.

Contohnya :

1.      1. “ having read your letter, my cat will stay indoors until the ducklings fly off” dalam kaimat ini secara arti menyatakan bahwa kucing itu sedang membaca surat padahal maksut penulis sebenarnya adalah kita akan membiarkan kucing di dalam rumah selama kita membaca surat. Seharusnya modifier yang tepat adalah “ having read your letter, we will keep our cat indoors until the ducklings fly off”

2.     2  “ Meticulous and punctual, david’s work ethic is admirable” modifier “meticulous and punctual” gagal menjelaskan “david’ dan malah menjelaskan “david’s work ethic”. Kalimat yang seharusnya adalah “meticulous and punctual, david has an admirable work ethic”.

3.    3.   “Having seen blackpool tower, the eiffel tower is more impressive” dalam kalimat ini modifier “having seen blackpool tower” seharusnya tidak menjelaskan eiffel tower karena artinya akan janggal, kalimat yang benar seharusnyaa “having seen blackpool tower, she thinks the eiffel tower is more impressive”.

ACTIVE AND PASIVE

	Active	Pasive
Simple Present	S + V (S/es) + O	S + TOBE + V3 + BY + O (she, he, it = is) (I = am) (they, we, you = are)
Simple Past	S + V2 + O	S + TOBE + V3 + BY + O (she, he, it, I = was) (they, we, you = were)
Simple Future	S + will + v1 + O	S + will + be + v3 + by + o
Present Continous	S + tobe + ving + o	S + tobe + being + v3 + by + o
Past Continous	S + tobe (was / were) + ving + o	S + tobe (was / were) + being  + v3 + by + o
Future Continous	S + will + be + ving + o	There are some tenses and conditions that don’t have pasive form present continous, past perfect continous, future continous, future perfect continous, and sentences that have intransitive verbs
Present Perfect	S + has / have + v3 + o	S + has / have + been + v3 + by + o (she, he, it = has) (they, we, I, you = have)
Past Perfect	S + had + v3 + o	S + had + been + v3 + by + o
Future perfect	S + will + have + v3 + o	S + will + have + been + v3 + by + o

1.    1.   Active = once a month, conte brings the team to the beach.

Pasive = once a month, the team is brought to the beach by conte.

SIMPLE PRESENT

2.    2   Active = Ali is writing a letter right now.

Pasive = the letter is being written by Ali now.

PRESENT CONTINOUS

3.      3 Active = Gio repaired the computer which is located in the living room

Pasive = the computer which is located in the living room was repaired by Gio.

SIMPLE PAST

4.    4.   Active = The salesman was helping the customer when the thief came into the store.

Pasive =  The Customer was being helped by the salesman when the thief came into the store.

PAST CONTINOUS

5.     5.  Active = Many basketball players have trained that kind of dribble style.

PASIVE = that kind of dribble style have been trained by many basketball players.

(PRESENT PERFECT)

6.    6.  Active = Otong and vicky had repaired many cars before they received their mechanic license.

Pasive = many cars had been repaired by otong and vicky before they received their mechanic,

PAST PERFECT

7.     7.  Active = Chef ferara will finish the dish by 05.00 PM

PASIVE = the dish will be finished by chef Ferara by 05.00 PM.

SIMPLE FUTURE

8.     8.  Active = Burgerkill will be performing a song entitled “tiga titik hitam” on the stage at 08.00 PM.

PASSIVE = a song entitled will be performed by Burgerkill on the stage at 08.00 PM.

FUTURE CONTINOUS

9.    9.  Active = They will have completed the project before the deadline.

Pasive = the project will have been completed by them before the deadline.

FUTURE PERFECT

1. 10. Active = The lead guitarist of flashgod apocalypse smashed his guitar in their last concert.

PASIVE = the guitar was smashed by the lead guitarist of flashgod apoccalypse in their last concert

SIMPLE PAST

EXERCISE

EXERCISES

1.  He tried to avoid answering my question.  
2.   Could you please stop making son much noise? 
3.  I enjoy listening to music 
4.   I considered applying for the job but in the end I decided against it. 
5.  Have you finished washing your hair yet?
6.  If you walk into the road without looking, you risk to be knocked down.
7. Jim is 65 but he isn”t going to retire yet. He wants to carry on working. 
8.  I don”t mind you to use the phone as long as you pay for all your calls.
9. Hello ! Fancy seeing you here ! what a surprise ! 
10.   I”ve put off writing the letter so many times. I really must do it today.
11. What a stupid thing to do ! can you imagine anybody. Being so stupid? 
12. Sarah gave up trying to find a job in this country and decided to go abroad.

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES SO THAT THEY MEAN THE SAME AS THE FIRST SENTENCE. USE –ING.

1. I can do what I want and you can’t stop me. You can’t stop me doing what I want.   
2.  It’s not a good idea to travel during the rush hour. It’s better to avoid driving in rush hours    
3. Shall we go away tomorrow instead of today? Shall we postpone going today until tomorrow 
4. The driver of the car said it was true that he didn’t have a licence. The driver of the car admitted saying that he didn’t have a licence. 
5.  Could you turn the radio down, please? Would you mind turning down the radio please?
6. Please don’t interrupt me all the time. Would you mind stop interrupting me all the time.

COMPLETE EACH SENTENCE WITH A SUITABLEVERB.

1. Don’t forget to post the letter I gave you 
2. There was a lot of traffic but we managed to get to the airport in time.
3. Jill has decided not to drive a car 
4.  We’ve got a new computer in our office. I haven’t learnt to operate it yet
5. I wonder where sue is. She promised not to be late.
6. We were all to afraid to speak. Nobody dared to speak anything.

PUT THE VERB INTO THE CORRECT FORM, TO ….OR ING

1.  When I’m tired, I enjoy watching television. It’s relaxing. (watch)
2. It was a nice day , so we decided to go for a walk.(go) 
3. it’s a nice day. Does anyone fancy going for a walk? (go)
4. I’m not in a hurry. I don’t mind to wait. (wait) 
5. They don’t have much money. They cant afford going out very often. (go) 
6. I wish that dog would stop barking its driving me mad. (bark)
7. Our neighbor threatened to call the police if we didn’t stop the noise. (call) 
8. We were hungry, so I suggested to have dinner early. (have)
9. Hurry up ! I don’t want to risk missing the train. (miss)
10.  Im still lookingfor a job but I hope to find something soon. (find)